William Blakes The Tyger Essays - The Tyger, Poetry, Tyger

William Blake's The Tyger The Tyger Ana Melching 5-8-99 Does god make both delicate and dreadful animals? On the off chance that he does what right does he have? Both of these facetious inquiries are asked by William Blake in his sonnet The Tyger. The sonnet takes the peruser on an excursion of confidence, addressing god and his tendency. The sonnet finishes a pattern of scrutinizing the maker of the tyger, talking about how it could have been made, and afterward comes back to scrutinizing the maker once more. The two inquiries concerning the tyger's maker are left unanswered. William Blake utilizes cadence, rhyme, and wonderful gadgets to make an extraordinary impact and to equal his subject in his work The Tyger. William Blake's decision of cadence is essential to his sonnet The Tyger in light of the fact that it matches the topic of the sonnet, that the tyger may have been made by god or another harsher maker. Most of the sonnet is written in trochaic tetrameter as can be found in line three, when Blake says, What eternal hand or eye. This mood is harsh sounding, representing the very idea of the tyger. A portion of the lines in the sonnet were written in versifying tetrameter, for example, in line ten, when Blake says, Could turn the ligaments of thy heart? . Versifying tetrameter has an a lot gentler sounding beat than does trochaic tetrameter. This infers the delicate idea of god, and in the event that he could make such a mammoth. The final expression of each quatrain is written in a spondee. This assists with making a one of a kind evenness what's more, to resemble the frightful evenness of a tyger. William Blake's utilization of rhyme enormously influences his work The Tyger. The whole sonnet is written in couplets. Couplets contain two lines, resembling the division of the sonnet, that everything has different sides or parts. The rhyme plot is AA BB CC and so forth. Since the rhyming words are so discernable from the non-rhyming words, they structure two separate classifications, which likewise matches the division of the sonnet. William Blake's decision of lovely gadgets incredibly influence his work The Tyger. He utilizes clamor, which is an unpleasant sounding gathering of words, to represent the animal idea of the tyger and to think about whether it was made in damnation by a malicious maker. This can be found in line sixteen when he says, Dare its fatal fear catch. This line sounds disagreeable and brutal to the ears. William Blake utilizes melodiousness, which is a smooth sounding gathering of words, to show the delicate idea of god and to think about whether he made the tyger. This can be found in line twenty when he says Did he who made the sheep make thee? This line sounds delicate and satisfying to the ears. William Blake utilizes similar sounding word usage and sound similarity to cause his words to appear to be brutal or delicate. He utilizes similar sounding word usage, which is the redundancy of indistinguishable consonants to make his words appear to be cruel as in inaccessible deeps or dare the fatal. This accentuates the tiger's harsh nature, and questions the idea of it's maker. He likewise utilizes sound similarity, which is the redundancy of indistinguishable vowel sounds, in lines ten and eleven when he says wind the ligaments, and started to beat. This stresses the considerate mindset of god. William Blake never responds to his inquiry regarding the obscure nature of god. He surrenders it over to the peruser to choose. By starting and consummation his sonnet with a similar quatrain he inquires the inquiry regarding god making shrewd just as great, once more. By transforming one word from could to might he venture to states that if god genuinely created this brute, the tyger, at that point how could he. This likewise assists with giving the sonnet a proper culmination. By changing his musicality from trochaic to versifying, Blake shows the two potential natures of god, or of the two makers. By utilizing couplets he underscores the division of the sonnet. By utilizing lovely gadgets for example, melodiousness, clamor, sound similarity, and similar sounding word usage he can further build up his inquiry regarding the idea of god, delicate, or cruel. His non-serious inquiries are left unanswered. By doing this he leaves his perusers pondering, Is there actually an answer? Reference index none Verse Essays

The Great Depression Essays

The Great Depression Essays The Great Depression Paper The Great Depression Paper The Great Depression: The Extensive Effects The 1920s was a period of thundering success. Indeed, even mid-October of 1929, the normal working class American saw a â€Å"illimitable vista of prosperity† (Dixon 1). The idea of destitution was near an end; in 1928, President Herbert Hoover expressed, â€Å"We have not yet arrived at the objective, yet allowed to go ahead with the approaches of the most recent eight years, and we will soon with the assistance of God be inside sight of the day when neediness will be exiled from the nation† (Dixon 1). The premonition of the finish of destitution got known as the American Dream; in any case, this prescience was in the blink of an eye lived. On Tuesday, March 26, 1929, the Hoover Administration saw the biggest securities exchange crash of their organization to that date. A while later brought Black Monday, the biggest securities exchange crash in American history and the cardinal reason for the Great Depression. The Great Depression is one of the absolute most significant occasions in the budgetary history of the United States and the world; the impacts of and prompting the Great Depression went on for quite a while. The Great Depression was a financial deficiency with overall impacts that started with the securities exchange crash of October 1929; the most significant impact of the Great Depression was the most noteworthy pace of joblessness in American history: banks, industrial facilities, and stores shut, leaving a huge number of Americans jobless with no cash. Without cash, numerous Americans needed to depend on either the legislature or gifts from good cause to be acquire food; as the downturn proceeded, notwithstanding, the Roosevelt organization made government offices to help in providing Americans with food, calming the impacts of the Great Depression, forestalling a calamitous occasion like it from happening once more (Great Depression). The gathering of individuals generally influenced by the Great Depression and the occasions it incited were the American investors; a great many investors lost enormous wholes of cash because of the quick decline of stock qualities brought about by the accident of Black Monday. Despite the fact that this was a gigantic misfortune, anticipating it was unthinkable; from 1925 to 1929, the normal stock cost of a typical stock on the New York Stock Exchange dramatically increased, making numerous individuals make huge interests in the financial exchange in anticipation of making huge benefits. Indeed, even individuals who had no earlier information on the securities exchange or how it functioned endeavored to put resources into expectation of benefits. Financial experts, for example, Irving Fisher, guaranteed investors that they were â€Å"dwelling on a for all time high level of success (Dixon 1)†. This, alongside the affirmation of numerous different journalists and experts, cause the notoriety of being an investor to soar: in 1920, there were just 29,609 investors; a negligible ten years after the fact, there were 70,950. Stockholders’ numbness of how the financial exchange functioned before long betrayed the a great many speculators in America and spread all through the remainder of the United States, ending monetary stream (Dixon 2). The Depression remarkably affected the United States; notwithstanding, the United States was by all account not the only spot to feel the outcomes of the Great Depression: Canada was likewise significantly influenced (The Global Effects of the Great Depression 1). Beforehand, Canada’s economy depended on the fare of grain and other crude materials. The individuals who sent out these merchandise endured gigantic misfortunes after different nations expanded taxes on imported items. Following the end of numerous Canadian organizations, the joblessness rate in Canada increased from three percent in 1929 to twenty-three percent in 1933 (Great Depression). Different governments were influenced by the Depression also. As the Depression was at its apex in 1933, the main nation hit as hard as the United States was Germany (Garraty 182). Roughly 6,000,000 people in Germany were left jobless. Numerous parts of German life prompted these depressed occasions. Most conspicuous were the reparations Germany was all the while paying from World War I. Bedlam emerged in Germany after the war, causing hyperinflation in 1923; Germany was simply recuperating when the financial exchange crash hit (Effects on Germany 1). Another factor in the monetary downturn was the German government. Germany endured a progression of poor pioneers; the chancellors of 1932, as Herbert Hoover stated, couldn't manage the impacts of the developing Depression. On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler turned into the chancellor of Germany (Garraty 183). The initiative of Hitler, one of the key figures in the alleviation of the Great Depression both in Germany and around the world, denoted the establishment of the breakdown of the Great Depression. The activities starting in 1933 planned for soothing the Great Depression in the United States and Germany impacted different countries, especially Great Britain (Garraty 214). Extraordinary Britain, in contrast to the United States, had a dying economy preceding the financial exchange crash of October 1929 (Smitha 27); be that as it may, the British economy didn't endure a dreary accident, as did the economies of the United States and Germany (Effects on the United Kingdom 1). England did, in any case, endure decreases in the two imports and fares during the Depression. In contrast with other flourishing countries during the hour of the Great Depression, the United Kingdom stayed in a genuinely steady monetary condition (Effects on the United Kingdom 2). In contrast to Great Britain, the Great Depression hit numerous different nations in Europe unfathomably. One of these unfortunate nations was France, the last significant country of by then to feel the impacts of the Great Depression; the explanation behind the deferred sway on France was the undervaluation of the French Franc (Effects on France 1). France, as Great Britain, was affected by the endeavors of the United States to soothe the Depression (Garraty 214). At long last, in 1932, the Depression severely discovered its approach to France: the quantity of visitors dropped and fares of fragrance fell, as did those of wine, food, and different things (Smitha 23). Despite the fact that the Depression hit France late, it came brutally. Joblessness rose fifteen percent and mechanical creation dropped twenty-five percent from their levels in 1929. In anticipation of a change, Andre Tardieu was chosen for run another French government in 1932; he picked up his fame by pointing his battle towards the danger of socialism (Smitha 24). In the same way as other different nations, France in the end defeated the Depression through inclusion in World War II, which made occupations and made cash start flowing by and by. The Great Depression likewise hit Italy, with its profoundly respected corporate-fundamentalist government drove by Mussolini. The open saw the whimsical approach changes Mussolini made as virtuoso; in any case, these progressions didn't profit the economy. Despite the fact that Italy’s commitment to world assembling was down just about three percent, it rose from the downturn in 1934 (Smitha 26). The United States, similar to all nations, in the long run rose up out of the shortages of the Great Depression. At the cutting edge of this recuperation was World War II: it expanded assembling and made a large number of employments. What's more, supporting in the recuperation were government organizations, for example, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); the TVA was made in May 1933 to direct the improvement of a 640,000 square mile zone in the Tennessee Valley (Smitha 36). The Tennessee Valley was a district in which tenant farmers and ranchers were malnourished and soils were pointless for developing agrarian items. The TVA wanted to support this area and reestablish a lot of farming creation to the United States (Smitha 36). In spite of the fact that there were numerous different organizations, for example, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), and the Public Works Administration (WPA), the greater part of them followed in the strides of the TVA: they were planned for making occupations while all the while either decorating the United States or boosting the economy (Great Depression). The Great Depression intensely influenced the United States and the world all in all for quite a long while. The Depression has instructed governments around the globe how to manage monetary issues with the expectation that it won't occur once more. As Wecter Dixon expressed, the securities exchange could be entirely beneficial: If a man spares $15 every week, and puts resources into great basic stocks, and permits the profits and rights to aggregate, toward the finish of twenty years he will have in any event $80,000 and a pay from ventures of around $400 per month. He will be rich. Also, in light of the fact that pay can do that, I am firm in my conviction that anybody can not exclusively be rich, yet should be rich (4). In any case, the securities exchange crash of October 1929 and the following sadness made investors aware of how unpredictable being engaged with the financial exchange without information could be. Indeed, even in the present downturn, numerous world heads are affected by measures taken to end the Great Depression to restore monetary conditions. Because of its enormous impacts in the United States and all through the world, the Great Depression is referred to in history as a close call from the ruin of the world economy. Ideally, one day the world economy will be as rich and prosperous as the thundering 1920s, and America and the remainder of the orld will pursue the â€Å"American Dream† indeed, notwithstanding another unanticipated occasion, for example, the Great Depression. Dixon, Wecter. The Age of the Great Depression, 1929-1941. New York: Macmillian, 1952. Consequences for France. 12 April 2009 thegreatdepression. co. uk/impacts on france/. Consequences for Germany. 12 April 2009 thegreatdepression. co. uk/e

The Book The End of the Wild by Stephen Meyer

The Book “The End of the Wild” by Stephen Meyer The Book “The End of the Wild” by Stephen Meyer Jul 16, 2019 in Book Review The book The End of the Wild by Stephen Meyer touches upon the significant problem of contemporary ecology: endangered species. Nowadays, it is of common knowledge that this problem is becoming more and more serious. The main idea of the author is to demonstrate the paramount importance of it. He proves it providing the fact that “over the next 100 years or so as many as half of the Earth’s species, representing a quarter of the planet’s genetic stock, will either completely or functionally disappear” (Meyer 4). In spite of the fact that Stephen Meyer admits that so-called extinction crisis has already finished, and the “the race to save the composition, structure, and organization of biodiversity as it exists today” (Meyer 5) is lost, the author of the book provides some ways of preventing the situation from becoming worse. The evidence of the thesis on which the book focuses is proved by pure facts. The book is divided into 7 chapters; each of them is de voted to one of the aspects of the author’s point of view. Making a profound analysis of the data provided in the book, it is evident that it is quite informational and thought-provoking, as there is no sentence in the book that does not deal with the current global problem. All passages are structured so that to make the information clear and logically developed for the readers. The first chapter of the book is entitled “The Extinction Crisis Is Over” and can be considered to be an introduction to the whole book, as it states the problem under consideration. The content of the book corresponds to the introduction and the main points that the readership is intended to understand. Furthermore, they are logical and well-developed with the evidence. For instance, in the second chapter, the author demonstrates that the reason for the problem to have become so serious is the understanding of a concept of wildlife. He denotes that “fundamental is the notion of a landscape where the handprint of humanity is invisible â€" and specifically wher e the forces of natural selection smother those of human selection. Chat now Order now The problem is that there is virtually no place left on Earth that fits this definition” (Meyer 8). This statement is proved by clear evidences. For example, the author states that “from the most remote corners of the frozen Arctic to the darkest interiors of the Amazon’s tropical rainforests, the impact of humanity now drives biological systems” (Meyer 9). The tremendous impact of the mankind on the environment comprises three types of causes: “landscape transformation, geochemical modification (pollution), and biotic consumption and manipulation” (Meyer 19). In order to raise the environmental consciousness of the readers, the author gives them quite shocking example. One of them is the following: 80% of “Caribbean corals have died off in the past two decades from diseases fueled by pollution from municipal waste-water treatment plants and agricultural runoff flooding into coastal waters” (Meyer 21). What is more, in his book, Stephen Meyer addresses each reader per sonally. He notifies that modern people demand “instant-on appliances, out-of-season vegetables, and ten-mile-per-gallon armored transports” (Meyer 75). When each reader contemplates these facts, he/she understands that even his/her everyday lifestyle is based on the damage of environment and causing an abundance of species extinction. While discussing the possible ways of making the situation seem acceptable, the author also tries to do his best to make each personality observe the problem that is discussed in the book and desire to take actions. He admits that “the long-term slowing of the impact of human selection is only possible through action that comes from within us as individuals and gains hold as society-wide norms” (Meyer 78). This peculiarity of the author’s style makes the readership understand the seriousness of the problem much better. On the other hand, there are some weak points of the book. The main one is the fact that the same points are repeated several times. For instance, the author focuses on pollution as one of the principal causes of ecological problems in several chapters, whereas it was possible to touch upon the concept of this problem only in one of them.

The And What Morrison Does It More Compelling With Things

group. The author of this article gets into how this story works as a ritual and what Morrison does to make it more compelling with things like pulling the reader into making a framework for the novel. The reader has a lot to do as they have to put together the pieces of the story separate from Sethe’s recovery and grieving. Morrison uses a lot of African-American cultural referencing to help with giving the vision of who the characters in the story are and what they sound like in their ritualistic personalities. This novel uses a lot of imagination to heal wounds that are extremely deep. We learn a lot about the healing process of Sethe due to what Beloved has done to her. Beloved forces Sethe to confront her past so much that she is†¦show more content†¦After being freed from slavery for 60 years, Baby Suggs opens her world up to others in need of a figurative ‘hug’ and helps all previous slaves heal from the psychological wounds endured during the diff icult times. She has morals and her own strong spirit that tie in with a literal psychoanalytic process of the Freudian way, as this is something Morrison has brought into the story. As it appears, Baby Suggs was of strong spiritual belief. â€Å"She did not tell them to clean up their lives or to go and sin no more. She did not tell them they were the blessed of the earth, its inheriting meek or its glorybound pure. She told them that the only grace they could have was the grace they could imagine. That if they could not see it, they would not have it.† (88) The only person in the entire story that Morrison has given this title of something significantly philosophical and moralistic. Morrison uses her as one of the positive foundations in this story vs. Beloved to be a negative foundation of how brutally abrupt and hateful things could be at the time. The article focuses not just on the way Baby Suggs attempts to handle getting in touch with feelings and properly handling em otions of a tattered past, but on the way Sethe handles herself as well. It has to be essentially because Sethe is our main character. She is the energy that is captured negatively in a sense as she goes through aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Beauty in The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1243 Words   |  5 Pagesideal beauty that most have tried to obtain. But what if that beauty was impossible to grasp because something was holding one back. There was nothing one could do to be ‘beautiful’. Growing up and being convinced that one was ugly, useless, and dirty. For Pecola Breedlove, this state of longing was reality. Blue eyes, blonde hair, and pale white skin was the definition of beauty. Pecola was a black girl with the dream to be beautiful. Toni Morrison takes the reader into the life of a young girl throughRead More A Comparison of Beloved and Don Quixote Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesOn reading Beloved by Toni Morrison and Don Quixote by Kathy Acker, there seem to be quite a few similarities in themes and characters contained in these texts, the most prevalent of which seems to be of love and language as a path to freedom. We see in Acker’s Don Quixote the abortion she must have before she embarks on a quest for true freedom, which is to love. Similarly, in Morrison’s Beloved, there is a kind abortion, the killing of Beloved by Sethe, which results in and from the freedom thatRead More Society and Femininity Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pageshigher plain of women’s struggle to be seen as who they are and not what society wants them to be. To Kill a Mockingbird, The Color Purple and The Bluest Eye all deal with the topic of women trying to overcome society. 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We are under constant bombardment from consumer related magazine ads, billboards, television commercials, and movies about what â€Å"beautiful† people look like and how we should imitate them. This standard is overwhelmingly portrayed as white beauty. Starting from a young age this standard of beauty is forged in our minds; we want to look like these actors and models; we want to be thin, fit, youthful lookingRead MoreDouble Consciousness : Invisible Man And The Bluest Eye1821 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough the perspective of the society they live in and needing to prove their worth in order to obtain a sense of belonging. Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man and Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eyes are able to depict the psychological tr auma of what double-consciousness does to an individual through the eyes of their main characters who suffer immensely due to their social circumstances. Through racial discontent and self-realization acknowledged in both Ellison s Invisible Man and Morrison’s The Bluest EyesRead MoreThe Opinion Of Justice Binderoff1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe opinion of Justice BINDEROFF: According to Article I, Section 8(3) of the United States Constitution, Congress is granted the power â€Å"to regulate commerce with foreign countries, as well as among the several states†¦;† this enumerated power is what the Commerce Clause describes. This Article has been used to justify many instances in which Congress has exercised its power to regulate commerce, especially among states. In this regard, there has been a myriad of instances in which such exerciseRead MoreCultural Identity In Toni Morrisons White Teeth1459 Words   |  6 Pagesmatters of race, silence and evasion have his torically ruled literary discourse,† says Toni Morrison in her 1992 critical literacy piece â€Å"Playing in the Dark†. However, in â€Å"White Teeth†, we see the opposite of this as Zadie Smith brings the matter right into the open, shedding new light on problems of race and assimilation. The novel investigates post-colonial European culture and society through the use of compelling immigrant characters who are struggling with their cultural identities. The main dramaRead MoreAppeal of Batman Versus Superman Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagescritics Robert Ebert and Christopher Orr dive deeper into what makes superheroes movies like The Dark Knight and Man of Steel so compelling. Joey Esposito analyzes the reasons behind the fascination of the Dark Knight and how he appeals to our inner desire to use the pain in our lives for good. Audiences often have an easier time relating to Batman while they have difficulty relating to Superman. Batman’s tragic past an d human traits make him more relatable to audiences of current superhero films than

Educational Framework For Inclusion Of Children With...

The literature review is organized in five sections. Firstly, the definition of disability will be considered followed by a discussion of the historical context of the terminology used. Second, research is presented to show how the government of Canada view and plan for individuals with impairments. Support for inclusion of children with disabilities in public settings will be examined. Third, typical language acquisition and socio-emotional development will be presented to examine the learning process of children with and without disabilities. Fourth, once autism is discussed, the concept of universal design for learning as an educational framework for inclusion will be explored. The educational framework for inclusion plays a crucial role in guiding the development of children with flexible learning environments to accommodate all individuals regardless of their learning differences. Fifth, a handbook of strategies will be presented with the purpose of assisting early childhood edu cators with important information regarding autism in addition to providing strategies and evidence-based interventions. The World Health Organization ‘s (2011) report defined disability as being complex, dynamic and a multidimensional highly debated problem that is part of the human condition. With aging, a disability may become a part of elderly individual’s daily lives. The WHO (2011) report described impairments as an issue in body structure or function, limitation in activities as beingShow MoreRelatedLegal Framework Supporting Inclusive Education1632 Words   |  7 Pages2.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK SUPPORTING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION. The International Year of Disabled Persons in 1981 and the United Nations Decade of Disabled People 1983-1992 led to major breakthroughs globally in the recognition of the rights of PWDs and in realization of international policies/framework to protect those rights. One of these rights is the right to education. This right is enshrined and reasserted in various international documents . The Statement and Framework for Action from the World ConferenceRead MoreTda 2.4 Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People1458 Words   |  6 Pagesdiversity and inclusion in work with children and young people The current legislative framework protecting the equal rights of all children and young people are stated in the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). These rights are extensive, including the right to education and the right for children and young people to have their views respected. 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This will be researched by having a brief look at the History of SEN including Legislation and the Warnock Report 1978 and the 1981 Education Act as according to the House of Commons Education and Skills Committee Special Educational Needs review â€Å"TheRead MoreImproving Student Participation Is A Matter Of Importance1543 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipation is a matter of importance, since children are at times deprived of equal right to use inclusive education from early childhood through to adulthood. Inclusive education means eliminating the distinction between special and regular education and giving equal opportunities despite their level of disability. It implies that providing educational facilities to students with additional educational needs which are used by most other students. The word inclusion is based on the idea that schools shouldRead MoreTheme 1: Legislation. The Irish Constitution Enshrines1521 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. 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In order to examine the policies surrounding inclusive education in Canada it is first necessary to understand the specific question at hand, who will be affected by the policy issue, as well as who has the power to make changes to this policyRead MoreInclusion Of Children With Disabilities885 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion, known as the act of including or being included within a group or structure. In today s world the act of inclusion within the classroom is becoming more and more well known in most schools. This could be the act of including a child with special needs or even a child where their second language is English. As recent as a hundred years ago, children with disabilities received little, if any, formal education. In the tradition of segregating students during the middle to late 19th centuryRead MoreIdentify the Current Legislation and Codes of Practice to the Promot ion of Equality and Valuing of Diversity.1402 Words   |  6 Pagesguidelines and procedures for ensuring equality. These policies must take account the rights of all children and young people. The policies in place work to ensure equality and inclusion; this can be conducted through the teaching and learning that occurs in the setting. However, the policies must also pay regard to the values and practice which are part of all aspects of school life. All work with children should be underpinned by the principles and values as stated in the National Occupational StandardsRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MoreReflection On The Inclusion Improvement Plan856 Words   |  4 Pageslearning and reflective practice is one of the five principles of the early years learning Framework† (DEEWR, 2010. p. 7). It gives the educators an opportunity to look at the planning process, the successful areas of planning, the areas of improvement and progress and to get motivated to work better for the learning of children. The following reflection will highlight the merits of implementing the inclusion imp rovement plan, some of the issues that impact on educators’ capacity to provide an inclusive

Foundation and Empire 18. Fall Of The Foundation Free Essays

There was an atmosphere about the Time Vault that just missed definition in several directions at once. It was not one of decay, for it was well-lit and well-conditioned, with the color scheme of the walls lively, and the rows of fixed chairs comfortable and apparently designed for eternal use. It was not even ancient, for three centuries had left no obvious mark. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation and Empire 18. Fall Of The Foundation or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was certainly no effort at the creation of awe or reverence, for the appointments were simple and everyday – next door to bareness, in fact. Yet after all the negatives were added and the sum disposed of, something was left – and that something centered about the glass cubicle that dominated half the room with its clear emptiness. Four times in three centuries, the living simulacrum of Hari Seldon himself had sat there and spoken. Twice he had spoken to no audience. Through three centuries and nine generations, the old man who had seen the great days of universal empire projected himself – and still he understood more of the Galaxy of his great-ultra-great-grandchildren, than did those grandchildren themselves. Patiently that empty cubicle waited. The first to arrive was Mayor Indbur III, driving his ceremonial ground car through the hushed and anxious streets. Arriving with him was his own chair, higher than those that belonged there, and wider. It was placed before all the others, and Indbur dominated all but the empty glassiness before him. The solemn official at his left bowed a reverent head. â€Å"Excellence, arrangements are completed for the widest possible sub-etheric spread for the official announcement by your excellence tonight.† â€Å"Good. Meanwhile, special interplanetary programs concerning the Time Vault are to continue. There will, of course, be no predictions or speculations of any sort on the subject. Does popular reaction continue satisfactory?† â€Å"Excellence, very much so. The vicious rumors prevailing of late have decreased further. Confidence is widespread.† â€Å"Good!† He gestured the man away and adjusted his elaborate neckpiece to a nicety. It was twenty minutes of noon! A select group of the great props of the mayoralty – the leaders of the great Trading organizations – appeared in ones and twos with the degree of pomp appropriate to their financial status and place in mayoral favor. Each presented himself to the mayor, received a gracious word or two, took an assigned seat. Somewhere, incongruous among the stilted ceremony of all this, Randu of Haven made his appearance and wormed his way unannounced to the mayor’s seat. â€Å"Excellence!† he muttered, and bowed. Indbur frowned. â€Å"You have not been granted an audience. â€Å" â€Å"Excellence, I have requested one for a week.† â€Å"I regret that the matters of State involved in the appearance of Seldon have-â€Å" â€Å"Excellence, I regret them, too, but I must ask you to rescind your order that the ships of the Independent Traders be distributed among the fleets of the Foundation.† Indbur had flushed red at the interruption. â€Å"This is not the time for discussion.† â€Å"Excellence, it is the only time,† Randu whispered urgently. â€Å"As representative of the Independent Trading Worlds, I tell you such a move can not be obeyed. It must be rescinded before Seldon solves our problem for us. Once the emergency is passed, it will be too late to conciliate and our alliance will melt away.† Indbur stared at Randu coldly. â€Å"You realize that I am head of the Foundation armed forces? Have I the right to determine military policy or have I not?† â€Å"Excellence, you have, but some things are inexpedient.† â€Å"I recognize no inexpediency. It is dangerous to allow your people separate fleets in this emergency. Divided action plays into the hands of the enemy. We must unite, ambassador, militarily as well as politically.† Randu felt his throat muscles tighten. He omitted the courtesy of the opening title. â€Å"You feet safe now that Seldon will speak, and you move against us. A month ago you were soft and yielding, when our ships defeated the Mule at Terel. I might remind you, sir, that it is the Foundation Fleet that has been defeated in open battle five times, and that the ships of the Independent Trading Worlds have won your victories for you.† Indbur frowned dangerously, â€Å"You are no longer welcome upon Terminus, ambassador. Your return will be requested this evening. Furthermore, your connection with subversive democratic forces on Terminus will be – and has been – investigated.† Randu replied, â€Å"When I leave, our ships will go with me. I know nothing of your democrats. I know only that your Foundation’s ships have surrendered to the Mule by the treason of their high officers, not their sailors, democratic or otherwise. I tell you that twenty ships of the Foundation surrendered at Horleggor at the orders of their rear admiral, when they were unharmed and unbeaten. The rear admiral was your own close associate – he presided at the trial of my nephew when he first arrived from Kalgan. It is not the only case we know of and our ships and men will not be risked under potential traitors. Indbur said, â€Å"You will be placed under guard upon leaving here.† Randu walked away under the silent stares of the contemptuous coterie of the rulers of Terminus. It was ten minutes of twelve! Bayta and Toran had already arrived. They rose in their back seats and beckoned to Randu as he passed. Randu smiled gently, â€Å"You are here after all. How did you work it?† â€Å"Magnifico was our politician,† grinned Toran. â€Å"Indbur insists upon his Visi-Sonor composition based on the Time Vault, with himself, no doubt, as hero. Magnifico refused to attend without us, and there was no arguing him out of it. Ebling Mis is with us, or was. He’s wandering about somewhere.† Then, with a sudden access of anxious gravity, â€Å"Why, what’s wrong, uncle? You don’t look well.† Randu nodded, â€Å"I suppose not. We’re in for bad times, Toran. When the Mule is disposed of, our turn will come, I’m afraid. â€Å" A straight solemn figure in white approached, and greeted them with a stiff bow. Bayta’s dark eyes smiled, as she held out her hand, â€Å"Captain Pritcher! Are you on space duty then?† The captain took the hand and bowed lower, â€Å"Nothing like it. Dr. Mis, I understand, has been instrumental in bringing me here, but it’s only temporary. Back to home guard tomorrow. What time is it?† It was three minutes of twelve! Magnifico was the picture of misery and heartsick depression. His body curled up, in his eternal effort at self-effacement. His long nose was pinched at the nostrils and his large, down-slanted eyes darted uneasily about. He clutched at Bayta’s hand, and when she bent down, he whispered, â€Å"Do you suppose, my lady, that all these great ones were in the audience, perhaps, when I†¦ when I played the Visi-Sonor?† â€Å"Everyone, I’m sure,† Bayta assured him, and shook him gently. â€Å"And I’m sure they all think you’re the most wonderful player in the Galaxy and that your concert was the greatest ever seen, so you just straighten yourself and sit correctly. We must have dignity.† He smiled feebly at her mock-frown and unfolded his long-boned limbs slowly. It was noon – and the glass cubicle was no longer empty. It was doubtful that anyone had witnessed the appearance. It was a clean break; one moment not there and the next moment there. In the cubicle was a figure in a wheelchair, old and shrunken, from whose wrinkled face bright eyes shone, and whose voice, as it turned out, was the livest thing about him. A book lay face downward in his lap, and the voice came softly. â€Å"I am Hari Seldon!† He spoke through a silence, thunderous in its intensity. â€Å"I am Hari Seldon! I do not know if anyone is here at all by mere sense-perception but that is unimportant. I have few fears as yet of a breakdown in the Plan. For the first three centuries the percentage probability of nondeviation is nine-four point two.† He paused to smile, and then said genially, â€Å"By the way, if any of you are standing, you may sit. If any would like to smoke, please do. I am not here in the flesh. I require no ceremony. â€Å"Let us take up the problem of the moment, then. For the first time, the Foundation has been faced, or perhaps, is in the last stages of facing, civil war. Till now, the attacks from without have been adequately beaten off, and inevitably so, according to the strict laws of psychohistory. The attack at present is that of a too-undisciplined outer group of the Foundation against the too-authoritarian central government. The procedure was necessary, the result obvious.† The dignity of the high-born audience was beginning to break. Indbur was half out of his chair. Bayta leaned forward with troubled eyes. What was the great Seldon talking about? She had missed a few of the words- â€Å"-that the compromise worked out is necessary in two respects. The revolt of the Independent Traders introduces an element of new uncertainty in a government perhaps grown over-confident. The element of striving is restored. Although beaten, a healthy increase of democracy-â€Å" There were raised voices now. Whispers had ascended the scale of loudness, and the edge of panic was in them. Bayta said in Toran’s ear, â€Å"Why doesn’t he talk about the Mule? The Traders never revolted.† Toran shrugged his shoulders. The seated figure spoke cheerfully across and through the increasing disorganization: â€Å"-a new and firmer coalition government was the necessary and beneficial outcome of the logical civil war forced upon the Foundation. And now only the remnants of the old Empire stand in the way of further expansion, and in them, for the next few years, at any rate, is no problem. Of course, I can not reveal the nature of the next prob-â€Å" In the complete uproar, Seldon’s lips moved soundlessly. Ebling Mis was next to Randu, face ruddy. He was shouting. â€Å"Seldon is off his rocker. He’s got the wrong crisis. Were your Traders ever planning civil war?† Randu said thinly, â€Å"We planned one, yes. We called it off in the face of the Mule.† â€Å"Then the Mule is an added feature, unprepared for in Seldon’s psychohistory. Now what’s happened?† In the sudden, frozen silence, Bayta found the cubicle once again empty. The nuclear glow of the walls was dead, the soft current of conditioned air absent. Somewhere the sound of a shrill siren was rising and falling in the scale and Randu formed the words with his lips, â€Å"Space raid!† And Ebling Mis held his wrist watch to his ears and shouted suddenly, â€Å"Stopped, by the â€Å"Ga-LAX-y, is there a watch in the room that is going?† His voice was a roar. Twenty wrists went to twenty ears. And in far less than twenty seconds, it was quite certain that none were. â€Å"Then,† said Mis, with a grim and horrible finality, â€Å"something has stopped all nuclear power in the Time Vault – and the Mule is attacking.† Indbur’s wail rose high above the noise, â€Å"Take your seats! The Mule is fifty parsecs distant.† â€Å"He was,† shouted back Mis, â€Å"a week ago. Right now, Terminus is being bombarded.† Bayta felt a deep depression settle softly upon her. She felt its folds tighten close and thick, until her breath forced its way only with pain past her tightened throat. The outer noise of a gathering crowd was evident. The doors were thrown open and a harried figure entered, and spoke rapidly to Indbur, who had rushed to him. â€Å"Excellence,† he whispered, â€Å"not a vehicle is running in the city, not a communication line to the outside is open. The Tenth Fleet is reported defeated and the Mule’s ships are outside the atmosphere. The general staff-â€Å" Indbur crumpled, and was a collapsed figure of impotence upon the floor. In all that hall, not a voice was raised now. Even the growing crowd without was fearful, but silent, and the horror of cold panic hovered dangerously. Indbur was raised. Wine was held to his lips. His lips moved before his eyes opened, and the word they formed was, â€Å"Surrender!† Bayta found herself near to crying – not for sorrow or humiliation, but simply and plainly out of a vast frightened despair. Ebling Mis plucked at her sleeve. â€Å"Come, young lady-â€Å" She was pulled out of her chair, bodily. â€Å"We’re leaving,† he said, â€Å"and take your musician with you.† The plump scientist’s lips were trembling and colorless. â€Å"Magnifico,† said Bayta, faintly. The clown shrank in horror. His eyes were glassy. â€Å"The Mule,† he shrieked. â€Å"The Mule is coming for me.† He thrashed wildly at her touch. Toran leaned over and brought his fist up sharply. Magnifico slumped into unconsciousness and Toran carried him out potato-sack fashion. The next day, the ugly, battle-black ships of the Mule poured down upon the landing fields of the planet Terminus. The attacking general sped down the empty main street of Terminus City in a foreign-made ground car that ran where a whole city of atomic cars still stood useless. The proclamation of occupation was made twenty-four hours to the minute after Seldon had appeared before the former mighty of the Foundation. Of all the Foundation planets, only the Independent Traders still stood, and against them the power of the Mule – conqueror of the Foundation – now turned itself. How to cite Foundation and Empire 18. Fall Of The Foundation, Essay examples

Working together Essay Example For Students

Working together Essay II. IntroductionAn historic example of team effort gone away. In that legendary story, a few key events transformed Camelot from a utopian kingdom into a wasteland. This isn’t just idle meandering. There are corporate Camelots, too, suggests Steven Rayner (6) those companies that started with such promise and fell victim to problems in their teamwork concepts. It is clear to see that team-based systems simply don’t work; better control equals better management. An emphasis on separating workers into specifically defined jobs, having centralized management control, and maintaining a structured chain of command contributes to a much better and more effective workplace situation (Rayner 15). There are, writes Steven Rayner in Team Traps, literally hundreds of traps that can open a gateway to team disaster (15). It makes more sense, therefore, to stick to the traditional structures in the workplace.term papers and term papers, did I tell about term papers on, term papers i n , term papers about , term papersII. Problem With A Group Approach term papers on and also term papers in and term papers aboutebfefOne of the major problems presented in the team work approach is that people are not accustomed to group problem-solving (Harrington-Mackin 137). It is a practice that not only hasn’t been learned, but is a difficult one to institute. In school, children are taught to rely on their own resources; to develop their individual capabilities. Deborah Harrington-Mackin cites the example of a fourth grader, who wouldn’t be allowed to say, Hey, Joe, you’re good at word problems and I’m good at multiplication tables, so let’s get together for this test (137), yet the adult equivalent of this is seen in the workplace when teams are expected to come up with a group solution to a problem. This is an odd practice for most people, as well as the fact that trying to reach a consensus in a group of adults can frequently result in he ated arguments, and no solution. Team decision-making can be frustrating. The team members have to take the time to listen to everyone’s opinions a time-consuming process where the inclination is frequently to jump on the first answer given rather than go through the lengthy and frequently tedious process of hearing from everyone (Harrington-Mackin 138). term papersqwrgIt seems that teams are being formed for every imaginable reason quality improvement teams, project teams, management teams, task force teams companies are quick to assume that increased employee involvement leads to improved productivity (Rees 7). But the problems that occur in trying to increase employee involvement outweigh the benefits. Many organizations that began traditionally are not accustomed to involving non-managerial employees in the procedures of planning, decision-making, and goal setting. These organizations have leaders who pass out information and answer questions, usually without requiring further involvement from subordinates.term papersvqrgOrganizations have been structured historically to reinforce authoritarian management styles (Mosvick-Nelson 109). There is no easy way to facilitate a team-oriented decision making policy. The authoritarian organizational structure is still the type of management style most used in business (Mosvick-Nelson 109), and for a good reason. Many leaders don’t know how to manage the participation of employees in these processes, even when a team is set up, and they frequently discourage participation (whether or not it’s done intentionally) by their actions they may allow for minimal time for participation, interrupt people, or simply ignore what they hear. This is a good case for leaving the decision-making to the top leadership (Rees 10).term papersIII. What are we supposed to do?vevevMany problems with teams result because there is no clear understanding about what is supposed to be accomplished. Team members and team leaders typically have problems defining their own roles, making it difficult to work toward results rather than busying themselves with the activities of the team (Fisher-Rayner-Belgard 6). It’s far too easy to get caught up in day-to-day activities, in being a team, and forget the reason the team was formed in the first place. This lack of focus is a good reason to keep employees working on their own, in specific, well-defined jobs. Teams tend to become too inwardly-focused a sure sign they won’t survive. term papersSometimes the manager of the team will discount not what his own team is trying to accomplish, but the efforts of others. A manager may insist that the success of other teams was nothing more than a fluke (Rayner 9), or they suggest any success was due to highly unique circumstances. This naturally leads to a lack of credibility, and suggests that employee involvement is irrelevant, yet it is an occurrence that’s all too common. term papersrfrgTh e relationship between team leader and team members is often adversarial. When the team is first formed, it relies on the manager to transfer decision-making and problem-solving authority to the team members. But eventually, the team members rebel against the authority figure, which often results in a confusion over responsibilities and the roles each member is to take. It’s not unusual for the team members to try to take on all managerial responsibilities and even question the value of the manager’s role the team is ostensibly working effectively; why does it need a manager? The tendency for team members to rebel or resist the influence of the designated team leader is a situation that seems to occur in every newly-formed team operation (Rayner 133).term papersIV. Working Together Isn’t So EasyveqgIn his book, Style of Management and Leadership, Manfred Davidmann reminds us that business experts have to work together to achieve their goals, and discord in one area can inconvenience many people (1). It is essential, therefore, that people cooperate with each other but this doesn’t necessarily imply working on a team. Experience has shown that the larger the organization is the more difficult it is to achieve the necessary degree of cooperation. Larger organizations are usually much less effective using a ream approach, as people tend to work against each other rather than with each other (Davidmann 1). term papersvqrvCooperation is essential to any team effort, and it’s not something that can be easily achieved. Frustration with management, or the workplace itself, causes internal conflict and struggle, which in turn means there is considerable lack of identification with the organization and its objectives. Davidmann relates the analogy of coming up against a brick wall. Team members may be trying to achieve something which is difficult, and it seems they don’t get anywhere because they keep on knocking against thi s brick wall which stops us (1). It may be the system or the organization; it may be the team leader or the way the team members relate to each other. In that kind of situation, one finds the wall is very solid, very high, extends almost indefinitely on either side and its foundations are deep and strong. In other words, the team can’t get through it; can’t find any way to get around the problem, and can’t seem to stop knocking their heads against the wall (Davidmann 1). This type of situation, one which occurs all too frequently, is also one which destroys teamwork. term papersGerard M Blair says that there are certain frameworks within which teams attempt to work. It’s the inability to function within these ‘frames’ that is another disadvantage to teamwork. The Forming stage (1) is when the team first comes together. Everyone is considerate and civil, and allows for everyone to participate. Discussion is slow and guarded since no one wishes to be seen as foolish by saying something on which the other may not agree. And underneath all this, there may be conflict. Even though it is not verbalized, it’s always destructive. term papersrvrgNext comes the Storming stage (Blair 1) people take up sides, and views and ideas are entrenched (1). The effectiveness of the team takes a nose dive, and the productiveness of the team is far less than the individuals could have achieved had they not been brought together. This report was written by The Paper Store, Inc. term papersrgerThe Norming stage (Blair 1) is next, in which the team works out methods of compromise, although this often is a moot point. Teams are not always willing to move beyond the first two stages. Once again, human nature is a strong deterrent in the ability of teams to function effectively. There are simply too many people with too many different ideas, and it’s not to be assumed that they will be able to resolve their differences. term papersVI. Barriers for Management TeamsvergrManagement teams are not immune to problems. Not everyone feels that team-based management is the solution for ailing organizations. A team leader from American President Cos. says, A team is like having a baby tiger given to you at Christmas. It does a wonderful job of keeping the mice away for about 12 months, and then it starts to eat your kids (Labich 1). term papersqergOne of the major reasons why management teams don’t work comes down to human nature. Harshman and Philips write of motivational barriers (148), where people in the organization fear loss of power, and leadership barriers (151), where a resistance to leadership leads the all the employees to believe that the team approach is unnecessary. Kenneth Labich suggests that team leaders revert to form and claim the sandbox for themselves, refusing to share authority with the other kids (1). Everyone else on the team tends to argue among themselves, bickering about such things as w ho gets credit for what the team produces. The team falls apart under the pressure and strain the tiger eats the kids. This is one of the major disadvantages to effective team work.term papersrgfwLeadership barriers can stop the entire team process, which ultimately gives the entire workplace the message that the issues the team was trying to resolve were not to be taken seriously. Many top level managers are goal-driven, results-oriented, and have little patience with any long-term process that needs to be effected by a team. The combination of leaders’ impatience and their possibly different perspectives on the objectives of the organization and the team make it very difficult for a team to function effectively (Harshman-Philips 151).term papersIt’s also difficult, suggests Harshman and Philips, for middle management to work in a team. They typically are caught between the top management who controls the organization, and the employees who actually get the work done . Their power in the day-to-day workings of an organization is somewhat shaky, and they don’t generally adapt well to any suggestion of rechanneling that power. This is a major disadvantage to setting up a team (152).term papersVII. Team Barriers ? Team members themselves are faced with certain barriers, even if the leaders can resolve their own problems. Teams tend to avoid responsibility for a variety of reasons and in different ways. Deborah Harrington-Mackin (11) lists the barriers that typically affect the team members: ? Lack of skill or competency to perform the task at handterm papers ? Lack of self-confidence term papers ? Fear of failure, ridicule and criticismterm papers ? Fear of being singled out and exposed as incompetentterm papers ? Fear of losing approval term papers ? Lack of self-control term papers ? Fear of being put in charge term papers ? Fear of taking responsibility for success or failure term papers ? Fear of change; of the unknown term papers ? Lack of organizational skills term papers ? Fear of being held accountable for mistakes term papers ? Fear of the change that success causes in work relationships term papers In addition, there are external barriers which are disadvantageous to the team, which may include:? Having too many tasks to do within a certain time frame term papers ? Experiencing too many changes at the same time term papers ? Having too few people to do the jobs term papers ? Coping with untrustworthy management term papers ? Coping with inconsistencies in management term papers ? Lacking the necessary resources or information to do the job term papers rwrgIt would seem that there are too many negative aspects to functioning as a team. Teams tend to make excuses to avoid responsibility anything from We don’t have the right equipment to It’s too late to start now to We have other problems we need to tackle first (Deborah Harrington-Mackin 12). If a team doesn’t want to cooperate and work t ogether, no amount of suggested solutions can force the members to come up with results. Harrington-Mackin relates that the best excuse she has heard for a team’s failure to perform was that the team was initially too large to accomplish anything (12). To accommodate this team in an attempt to help it work together effectively, it was divided into smaller subgroups, which then, predictably, declared they were too small to be of any use. term papersVIII. Team MyopiagrjjSteven Rayner recognizes that some teams can become very near-sighted; that is, they can’t see past their own noses. There is a natural tendency for teams to become inclusive of their own members, and somewhat paranoid of the intentions of outsiders (Rayner 46). In their initial enthusiasm over making a difference for the organization, some team leaders tend to grab strength through defiance. They challenge anything that was formerly established protocol and this can have a seriously detrimental result. R ayner relates the following anecdote: term papersfwefwefwefweefThe leader of a usually successful team became known as a ‘corporate outlaw’ fwfwrfrfrfrfrfrf(a troublemaker), because he didn’t follow accepted procedures. But this wasn’t wkflhjwflkjrkjthe critical point that led to his failure as an effective team leader. He had a singularergerergerger lack of grace and acceptance of others. His overblown ego led him to give ultimatums fwwrfrwrrrrfrfthat if a team member wasn’t ‘for’ him, he must be ‘against’ him. He believed he could wrfwrfrfrfrfrfignore procedures and practices that had worked previously as long as he got the frfrfrfrfrfrfrfrdesired results from his team. However, thefteam fell apart due to his arrogance efwfwefwefwhis successes were overshadowed by his lack of humility. Team members are not going to fwfqwfwfffwfwork for effective solutions to problems if they receive no credit for doing so, or if they fee l wfwrfrfrfrfrfrthey are being dictated to as opposed to being part of the team they’ve formed. frqfrfrqwfrwThis particular leader’s myopic vision of what constituted a good team never took that into w fwerfweconsideration (Rayner 49). term papers term papersfwefwRayner also attacks existing methods as a means to gain motivation of his team members a ‘we can do it better than they did’ idea (Rayner 59). Even teams that have proven success records tend to fall apart when they have poor interaction with other groups. term papersIX. Plain and Simple Poor Management term paperswfrkTeams forming to accomplish a basic goal often fail due to being poorly managed. Gerard Blair’s facetious description of this process says that: term papersfrfrfqrfqrfrqfIn the beginning, God made an individual and then he made a pair. fwefwewefefThe pair formed a group, together they begat others and thus the group grew. wfwfweffwffUnfortunately, working in a group led to friction, the group disintegrated inrqegrgrrgrg conflict and Caian settled in the land of Nod there has been trouble with groups ever since wfwfwefwef (Blair-Groups 1). term papersrfrfWhen people work in groups, there are usually two separate issues involved. The first issue is the task and the problems that are involved in getting the job done. Frequently this is the only issue which the group considers. The second issue is the process of the group work itself the procedures by which the group acts as a team. But the disadvantage here is that without proper attention to this process, the value of the group can be diminished or even destroyed. All too often, teams can’t manage to see group work as attractive, and there are too many problems inherent to group formation (Blair-Groups 1). term papersfwrfWhat many teams fail to recognize is that a group of people working in the same room, or even on a common project, does not necessarily invoke the group process. If the group i s managed by a leader who relates to them in a totally autocratic manner, there may be little opportunity for interaction. If the group can’t interact, the team eventually dissolves, or in some instances becomes a group of people all working separately instead of together. ffrffThe group process should lead to a spirit of cooperation, coordination and commonly understood procedures that’s generally why a team was established in the first place. But this isn’t always the case. All too often there is one person, perhaps not even the leader, who wants to run the show. This paper is for research assistance only. Blair asks us to consider the effect that a self-opinionated, cantankerous loud-mouth would have on performance efforts, as contrasted to working with a friendly, open, helpful associate (Groups 1). One person can destroy the team just as effectively as if the entire team was unable to function together. term paperswrfrPoor management of teams also extend s to the leaders not recognizing the team members as individuals. Being expected to conform to group standards and set aside individual needs or preferences is one of the main reason teams don’t work (Rees 42). Of course, some people are more comfortable being part of a group, but more independent workers tend to feel ill-at-ease when working in a team. Others may feel they don’t have much in common with their team members an essential factor to a team’s running smoothly whether it’s due to sex, religion, age or culture. If team members feel ‘left out’ at the beginning due to societal differences, there is little reason to expect the team will be able to function as a cohesive group (Rees 42). term papersX. Too Many Qualifications; Too Little Time term paperswfwfThe role of the team leader is a critical one, not only in his view of each team member as an individual, but also in his personal philosophy of what makes a team work as well as t he qualifications for a good leader. Too often, the leader is unprepared for the multitude of expectations that is put on him as the leader of the group. Rees suggests that, in part, an effective leader needs to:term papersterm papers and think term papers ? Listen actively term papers ? Ask questions and listen to the entire answer term papers ? Reserve judgment and keep an open mind term papers ? Actively seek the opinions of the team members term papers ? Encourages different viewpoints term papers ? Models the behavior he wishes to see in his team members term papers ? Knows how to bring the right people together for a task ? Is aware of his own limitations term papers ? Doesn’t take personal credit for group success term papers ? Understands that people’s individual needs affect team effort (26) term papers fwefIt seems unlikely that there will be a team leader who will stand up to these, as well as several other, criteria, which of course implies that the team ca n’t function effectively. Managers simply face too many challenges as they become team leaders. More than ever they need to be able to count on the workers in a team, moving away from the typical hierarchical conception of ‘us’ and ‘them’ (Sayles 9), and towards a more unified effort. But this is easier said than done. The problem inherent in a manager’s relinquishing his ‘power’ (or what he perceives as relinquishing it) is just one more reason why teams don’t work. term papersXI. Team Quality term paperswfwefAs has been discussed, the fate of a team generally rests with the Team Leader. The Team Leader has the authority and the power to define the work team, but too often there is a lack of focus. The quality of the team is diluted and the solutions are ineffective. Gerard Blair suggests that by applying what he calls the principles of Quality (1), the Team Leader can gain for the team the same benefits which work benefic ially for the corporation. His first suggestion for attaining this is to become enthusiastic about one aspect at a time (1). This is often a difficult concept, as the whole idea of working on a team is to toss out as many different ideas as possible. One problem is that by focusing on any one particular issue may cause the team members to lose enthusiasm. term papersfwekAnother trap to poor team work is that the team may focus upon the wrong type of problem. Team leaders need to make it clear any problem which they tackle should be: term papersterm papers, term-papers, termpapers, term papers* related to their own work or environment, and term papers* something which they can change. term papersvwvwUnfortunately, problem solving in teams can turn into gripe sessions about wages and holidays (Blair-Quality 1). fwffFor some team leaders, the ability to enable failure is not a comfortable or familiar concept. If the team is unable to try out ideas without rebuke for errors, then the sc ope of their solutions will be severely limited. Too often, the failures aren’t recognized as they should be as an opportunity to gain knowledge. The quality of the team necessarily suffers because of this, and eventually, one can expect that the team itself will lack the enthusiasm or drive necessary to continue as an effective group (Blair-Quality 1). term papersXII. The Face is Familiar term papersfwefwAnother of the disadvantages to team work is that the teams themselves begin to ‘fade’ as they spend the necessary time together. The same people saying the same things in an extended team situation, day-after-day, becomes tedious and stale. Of course, the obvious solution to this would be to bring in new people, either as new team members or as liaisons to other teams. The problem with this is that teams often resist letting ‘outside’ new members on their team. If the team has functioned as a group for any appreciable length of time, they often fe el they know each other’s quirks and have no desire to alter the dynamics of the group, even when it is apparent what they have isn’t working (Harrington-Macklin 74). term papersddedIf not new members, then another solution to the ‘same old, same old’ situation is often to attempt job-sharing the team members may be encouraged to switch jobs and responsibilities. This, too, is rarely easy to bring about. Team members are generally very resistant to job sharing because each member becomes territorial about the task to which he was first assigned (Harrington-Macklin 76). term papersXIII. Team Meetings term paperseeefProductive team work is almost always the result of successful team meeting (Kinlaw v). Unfortunately, team leaders as well as members don’t receive adequate instruction on how to carry this out, or demonstrate the strategies for organizational development that are necessary. Team meetings, rather than being a productive and efficient mea ns to solve an organization’s problems, can deteriorate due to lack of proper facilitation. Teams that have a tendency to repeatedly set aside difficult decisions find their options are increasingly limited. Without the adequate instruction on how to effect solutions, the teams will eventually either dissolve, or worse make decisions by default rather than informed choice (Rayner 167). term papersefefDisruptive team members are another pitfall in team meetings. The reluctance of team members to provide honest and direct feedback to an objectionable member only leads to frustration and poor performance, yet many team members are uncomfortable with the inevitable confrontation (Rayner 169). term paperswfffTeam managers have the responsibility to guide the team, but often they perceive this as a need to abdicate their authority in favor of letting the team members become more self-directed (Rayner 167). Many teams simply can’t handle this type of responsibility. term pap ersterm papersConclusion / Why Not Teams? fefefIt seems clear that working in teams is not always the most effective way to ensure quality solutions for organizations. The problems and pitfalls that are inherent to any team process don’t, in my opinion, outweigh the limited advantages of having people work in a group. There are too many variables that can cause the team to fail personalities, misunderstandings, ineffective leaders and it seems to make more sense, as well as the fact that the organization can simply run more smoothly, if the standard and traditional procedures of having everyone assigned to a given job, working on his own, is the method used. People still can feel part of the organization by their own contributions, but they don’t have the problems involved with several different people working on one team. term papersWORKS CITED term papersBlair, Gerard M. Groups That Work. term papersdqedeqhttp://www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/art0.html (1997). term papersterm papersBlair, Gerard M. How to Build Quality into your Team IEE Engineering Management Journal. fwfwfffhttp://spindle-ee- net2.ee.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Management/ (1996). term papersterm papersBlair, Gerard M. Laying the Foundations for Effective Teamwork. term papersfefefe http://www.ee.ed.ac.uk/~gerard/Teaching/art0.html (1996). .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 , .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .postImageUrl , .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 , .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:hover , .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:visited , .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:active { border:0!important; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:active , .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380 .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21f4fd2119aa5bdbea3dbfbf843b3380:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Helen Keller Essay We will write a custom essay on Working together specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Davidmann, Manfred .Style of Management and Leadership. term papersewfwefhttp://www.demon.co.uk/solbaram/articles/clm2.html (1982). term papers on, term papers about, term papers in, term papers andFisher, Kimball-Rayner, Steven-Belgard, William. 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